Due to increasing public awareness around them, NFTs have entered the mainstream consciousness in a big way. Reportedly, trading in NFTs hit $17.6 billion in 2021, reflecting a 21,000% surge from 2020′s total of $82 million. The emergence of NFTs has also created a new medium for artists and creators to showcase their creations or collections.
NFTs are written with a software code called the smart contract. The smart contract governs actions such as verifying ownership and managing transferability of the NFTs. Smart Contracts give NFTs creators more control over their work. For example, creators can program the smart contract deploying NFTs, in such a way, that whenever an NFT is resold the creators get a royalty payment. Smart contracts can also be written to automatically allocate a portion of the amount paid for any subsequent sale of the NFT back to the original owner, thus, giving the owner the ability to realize the benefits of the secondary marketplace.
When someone mints an NFT, they are writing the underlying smart contracts code. Like any other smart contract, NFT smart contracts are written as code into the blockchain. Even though other blockchains such as Cosmos, Polkadot, and Binance Smart Chain have also launched NFT marketplaces, Ethereum continues to remain dominant. Most NFT tokens are built on ERC-721 and ERC-1155 token standards.
ERC is an acronym for Ethereum Request for Comments. ERC can be compared to technical documents, that define the methods, behaviors, innovation, and research that developers/users have to abide by in order to utilize the Ethereum ecosystem. Ethereum’s smart contract programmers write ERC-related documents that set out rules that every Ethereum-based token must adhere to. ERC token standards explain certain rules that apply to all the token standards built on the Ethereum blockchain. In order to meet the changing requirements of the users, introduce new features, and fix shortcomings of the existing standards, the Ethereum governance community keeps upgrading ERC token standards. Once a new ERC standard is proposed, the Ethereum governance community duly reviews the proposals, solicits feedback, and then implements the new standard. For example, in 2015, the ERC-20, which defines the functionality of fungible tokens like DAI was introduced. In 2017, seeing potential use cases for its smart contract feature, the Ethereum governance community approved Ethereum Improvement Proposal and introduced the ERC-721 standard that enables the creation of NFTs. Moreover, ERC token standards ensure that tokens created on Ethereum meet specific user requirements and that they can be used within other Ethereum ecosystems such as decentralized applications (dApps).
The ERC-721 non-fungible token standard is written in Solidity language on the Ethereum blockchain and it allows developers to tokenize ownership of any arbitrary data. Solidity is a programming language designed for developing smart contracts that run on Ethereum
ERC-721 tokens are the standards for non-fungible tokens (NFTs). ERC-721 token standard deploys one smart contract for each NFT. ERC-721 is used to create custom tokens. These tokens can’t be exchanged for anything of equal value since they are one-of-a-kind. Users can create a personal avatar in a game that is unique and cannot be replicated. Probably the most well-known example of ERC-721 tokens is CryptoKitties, wherein, players own, breed, and trade digital cats, and ERC-721 tokens are used to represent each cat.
ERC-721 token standard allows users to transfer NFTs between different accounts, allowing NFTs to be traded for other currencies. ERC-721 enables the users to find out the total supply of a set of NFTs on a given network. ERC-721 can represent the following NFTs:
ERC-1155 allows batch transfers of multiple tokens at once, and at a much faster speed than an ERC-721. This means that under the ERC-1155 standard, a single deployed smart contract includes varied combinations of non-fungible, fungible, and semi fungible tokens. Since ERC-1155 can batch multiple NFTs into one single smart contract it significantly reduces the transaction and the storage cost. Semi fungible tokens are fungible tokens, but once redeemed, they convert into NFTs. For example, a ticket to a movie before the event may be considered a fungible asset since any ticket will give you entry into the theatre. However, once the show is over, the ticket is now irreplaceable memorabilia; an NFT of sorts.
The ERC-1155 standard can be used in the Sandbox. The Sandbox is a virtual environment on the Ethereum blockchain. To create an enclosed economy in the Sandbox metaverse, users rely on four user-specific tokens. ASSET tokens, based on the ERC-1155 standard, represent in-game items such as pieces of equipment for avatars including armors, weapons, wearables, and tools. These ASSET tokens can be bought and sold using SAND, the native token of the sandbox.
This standard outlines a smart contract interface that can represent any number of fungible and non-fungible token types in a single transaction. Rather than creating a single NFT and tying it to a standard, creators can harness entire NFT collections, making the process much more seamless and faster. For example, creators can mint all the buildings in a game using one NFT only. For instance, a dApp developer who uses ERC-1155 can allow its users to register both fungible and non-fungible tokens by using the same contract and same address. In the same game, a developer can add fungible tokens and NFTs, wherein, fungible tokens can be used as payment currencies and NFTs can be used as collectibles or exchangeable items.
Each ERC-1155 token contains a pattern that verifies whether a transaction is valid or not. If the transaction is invalid or incomplete, this function returns the token to the issuer. While the ERC-721 keeps track of transfers and approvals, ERC-1155 logs everything from the moment a token is minted until it’s burned. Further, ERC-1155 tokens cannot be accidentally locked in a contract that doesn’t support ERC-1155. If the recipient doesn’t support ERC-1155, the tokens will be reverted back safely to the user.
Features
ERC-721
ERC-1155
Types of token supported
Non-fungible
Fungible, non-fungible, and semi-fungible
Batch transfers
Transfer one token at a time
Multiple tokens can be transferred in a single transaction
Single smart contract
A new smart contract has to be deployed for each NFT
Large numbers of tokens can be deployed using a single smart contract
More time-consuming., For example, using ERC-721, one NFT can be transferred in 15-30 seconds
Supports batch transfers of with many token IDs in a single transaction. Certain optimized implementations of ERC-1155 have been tested for transfers of up to 150-200 tokens per second.
Supports only 1 language
Supports localization of languages for all metadata, such as the token name, description, or even the token image. This makes all tokens universal.
Efficiency
Requires more storage space
Requires less storage space
Transfer type
Transfer of rights
Transfer of both value and rights